People v. Duuvon, 77 N.Y.2d 541 (1991)
Prompt, at-the-crime-scene showup identifications are not presumptively invalid and admissible, but must be scrutinized carefully for suggestiveness and unreliability, considering the specific circumstances of each case.
Summary
Duuvon was convicted of robbery. After robbing the same dry cleaning store twice, the store manager chased and caught him. Police arrested Duuvon, and the manager identified him. Subsequently, another employee identified Duuvon while he was in the back of a patrol car near the scene. The Court of Appeals held that the showup identification was admissible because it was near the crime scene and temporally proximate to the crime. The Court emphasized that while showups are generally disfavored and suggestive, the immediate nature of the identification, coupled with the ongoing apprehension, justified its admission, subject to careful scrutiny for undue suggestiveness.
Facts
Defendant robbed a dry cleaning store on April 21, 1987, and again on May 1, 1987. During the second robbery, the manager recognized Duuvon from the first incident. As Duuvon fled in a taxi, the manager alerted the police, who stopped the cab. Duuvon exited the cab and ran. The police apprehended him a short distance away, clutching money. The manager identified Duuvon at the arrest scene. Police then brought Duuvon, handcuffed in a patrol car, back to the dry cleaners, where an employee also identified him.
Procedural History
Duuvon was charged with both robberies. He moved to suppress the employee’s showup identification. The trial court denied the motion, finding the showup not unduly suggestive due to its proximity in time and location to the crime. He was convicted of robbery in the first degree and two counts of robbery in the second degree. The Appellate Division affirmed the conviction, finding the showup not unduly suggestive and any error harmless due to other evidence. The Court of Appeals granted leave to appeal.
Issue(s)
Whether a showup identification by an employee-victim-witness, made at the crime scene shortly after the defendant’s apprehension and after another witness had already identified the defendant, is impermissibly suggestive and warrants suppression.
Holding
No, because the showup occurred in close temporal and spatial proximity to the crime, forming an unbroken chain of events, and the lower courts found it was not so unnecessarily suggestive as to create a substantial likelihood of misidentification.
Court’s Reasoning
The Court reasoned that while showup identifications are generally suspect, at-the-crime-scene showups are not presumptively infirm. The admissibility of such evidence depends on the specific circumstances and requires careful scrutiny for suggestiveness and unreliability. The Court distinguished this situation from police station showups, which are inherently suggestive and generally suppressed unless exigent circumstances exist. The Court emphasized the importance of temporal and spatial proximity to the crime, stating that the identification occurred within minutes of the robbery and near the arrest scene, forming an unbroken chain of events. The Court acknowledged the suggestive nature of the defendant being handcuffed in the patrol car but found that the exigent circumstances justified the procedure. The Court stated, “The judicial toleration of promptly conducted at-the-scene showups rests on our objective that the police have reasonable assurances that they have arrested or detained the right person.” The Court cautioned against creating per se or presumptive rules due to the variety of circumstances in street encounters. The Court deferred to the lower courts’ factual findings, emphasizing that the procedural safeguard against abuse lies in the lower courts’ rigorous review. The Court noted that the manager’s initial identification was spontaneous and not a police-arranged showup, further supporting the admissibility of the employee’s subsequent identification.